Non-exhaust emissions in road and railway transport

Expected Outcome:Project results are expected to contribute to all of the following expected outcomes:Methods and tools to support measurement, simulation and validation of non-exhaust pollutant emissions in road and railway transport into the environment;Estimates on the impact of these pollutants on human health, terrestrial ecosystems and the aquatic environment (including biodiversity in these ecosystems) with particular focus on microplastics and other heavier non-airborne particles;Delivery of better emission factors for emission inventories and projections, including the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), also for resuspension, for which little knowledge exists today;Recommendations and mitigation strategies including the determination of appropriate KPIs and assessing the effectiveness of control measures with an appropriate cost-benefit analysis to understand the economic and practical feasibility of different emission reduction strategies. Scope:With continuous increase in electrification of the car fleet and railways, the share of non-exhaust particulate emissions into the environment becomes increasingly important. Non-exhaust emissions (NEE) of particles apply to all forms of ground transport and can be categorised as those coming from several sources, such as brake wear, tyre wear, pantograph-catenary wear, wheel-rail contact, road surface wear, as well as vehicle-induced resuspension of road/track dust deposited on the surface. There may be other sources, e.g. engine belts and clutch plates. Quantitative data on the magnitude of non-exhaust emissions are fragmented and highly uncertain, particularly when compared to data for exhaust emissions. Emissions vary widely according to brake, tyre and road surface material, and with driving style. Further research efforts are necessary to increase the understanding of these particles, their creation, ageing and dispersion in the environment.Moreover, the health impact of NEEs is far less stu